![]() The treaties also granted Egypt and Sudan the power to veto construction projects on the Nile and its tributaries. These states were not allocated any of the Nile waters. The rights of Ethiopia and the other upstream states were not recognised. This effectively exhausted the Nile’s annual flow. The rest, 10 BCM or 12% of Nile waters, was set aside to account for seepage and evaporation. The 1959 Nile Treaty increased Egypt’s portion to 55.5 BCM (66% of Nile waters) and Sudan’s to 18.5 BCM (22%). It allocated 48 BCM to Egypt and four BCM to Sudan. ![]() The 1929 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty estimated the average annual flow of the Nile as 84 billion cubic metres (BCM). Since the 1920s, Egypt has, through colonial-era treaties, established near-total control of the Nile. The rest of the Nile’s waters come from the White Nile, which flows from the Great Lakes Region of Central Africa. Rivers originating in the Ethiopian highlands, which include the Blue Nile (Abay), provide more than 85% of the water that flows into the Nile River. What’s the short history of River Nile conflict? Legal scholar and economist John Mukum Mbaku answers five questions about the embattled project. The dam started operations on 20 February 2022, despite protests from Cairo and Khartoum. But Ethiopia defied the old treaties and built its Grand Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile. The two states – handed the rights in colonial treaties with the British – have resisted subsequent attempts by the Nile basin states to produce new agreements. Egypt and Sudan currently claim absolute control of Nile water resources.
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